第五章：Spring Boot与RAG系统的深度集成与部署实践

2026年2月10日 互联网

一、项目集成目标与前置条件

本章节旨在实现三大核心目标：构建支持RAG查询的Spring Boot后端服务、设计交互式前端界面、制定可扩展的部署方案。开发前需确保环境满足以下条件：

  1. 基础环境：JDK 17+、Maven 3.8+、IntelliJ IDEA/Eclipse
  2. 服务依赖：已运行的RAG服务（默认端口8000）
  3. 知识储备：熟悉Spring Boot MVC架构与RESTful API设计

二、Spring Boot项目标准化配置

2.1 项目初始化

通过Spring Initializr生成项目骨架时需重点配置：

  • 版本选择：Spring Boot 3.2.x（LTS版本）
  • 依赖组合： 
    1. <dependencies>
    2.   <!-- Web服务核心 -->
    3.   <dependency>
    4.     <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
    5.     <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
    6.   </dependency>
    7.   <!-- 模板引擎（可选） -->
    8.   <dependency>
    9.     <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
    10.     <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-thymeleaf</artifactId>
    11.   </dependency>
    12.   <!-- 热部署工具 -->
    13.   <dependency>
    14.     <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
    15.     <artifactId>spring-boot-devtools</artifactId>
    16.     <scope>runtime</scope>
    17.   </dependency>
    18.   <!-- HTTP客户端（新增） -->
    19.   <dependency>
    20.     <groupId>org.apache.httpcomponents.client5</groupId>
    21.     <artifactId>httpclient5</artifactId>
    22.     <version>5.2.1</version>
    23.   </dependency>
    24. </dependencies>

2.2 项目结构优化

推荐采用分层架构：

  1. src/
  2. ├── main/
  3. │   ├── java/com/example/rag/
  4. │   │   ├── config/       # 配置类
  5. │   │   ├── controller/   # 接口层
  6. │   │   ├── dto/         # 数据传输对象
  7. │   │   ├── service/      # 业务逻辑
  8. │   │   └── util/        # 工具类
  9. │   └── resources/
  10. │       ├── static/       # 前端资源
  11. │       ├── templates/    # Thymeleaf模板
  12. │       └── application.yml

三、RAG服务集成实现

3.1 REST客户端封装

创建RagServiceClient工具类处理HTTP通信：

  1. @Configuration
  2. public class RagConfig {
  3.     @Value("${rag.service.url:http://localhost:8000}")
  4.     private String baseUrl;
  6.     @Bean
  7.     public CloseableHttpClient httpClient() {
  8.         return HttpClients.createDefault();
  9.     }
  11.     @Bean
  12.     public RagServiceClient ragClient(CloseableHttpClient httpClient) {
  13.         return new RagServiceClient(baseUrl, httpClient);
  14.     }
  15. }
  17. public class RagServiceClient {
  18.     private final String baseUrl;
  19.     private final CloseableHttpClient httpClient;
  21.     public RagServiceClient(String baseUrl, CloseableHttpClient httpClient) {
  22.         this.baseUrl = baseUrl;
  23.         this.httpClient = httpClient;
  24.     }
  26.     public String query(String prompt) throws IOException {
  27.         HttpPost request = new HttpPost(baseUrl + "/query");
  28.         request.setHeader("Content-Type", "application/json");
  29.         request.setEntity(new StringEntity(String.format("{\"query\":\"%s\"}", prompt)));
  31.         try (CloseableHttpResponse response = httpClient.execute(request)) {
  32.             return EntityUtils.toString(response.getEntity());
  33.         }
  34.     }
  35. }

3.2 控制器层实现

  1. @RestController
  2. @RequestMapping("/api/rag")
  3. public class RagController {
  4.     private final RagServiceClient ragClient;
  6.     @Autowired
  7.     public RagController(RagServiceClient ragClient) {
  8.         this.ragClient = ragClient;
  9.     }
  11.     @PostMapping("/ask")
  12.     public ResponseEntity<Map<String, String>> ask(
  13.             @RequestBody @Valid AskRequest request) {
  14.         try {
  15.             String result = ragClient.query(request.getPrompt());
  16.             return ResponseEntity.ok(Map.of("answer", result));
  17.         } catch (Exception e) {
  18.             return ResponseEntity.status(502)
  19.                     .body(Map.of("error", "RAG服务调用失败"));
  20.         }
  21.     }
  22. }
  24. @Data
  25. class AskRequest {
  26.     @NotBlank
  27.     private String prompt;
  28. }

四、前后端交互设计

4.1 Thymeleaf模板示例

  1. <!DOCTYPE html>
  2. <html xmlns:th="http://www.thymeleaf.org">
  3. <head>
  4.     <title>RAG问答系统</title>
  5.     <script src="/js/main.js" defer></script>
  6. </head>
  7. <body>
  8.     <div class="container">
  9.         <h1>智能问答</h1>
  10.         <form id="askForm">
  11.             <input type="text" name="prompt" required>
  12.             <button type="submit">提问</button>
  13.         </form>
  14.         <div id="result"></div>
  15.     </div>
  16. </body>
  17. </html>

4.2 前端JavaScript实现

  1. document.getElementById('askForm').addEventListener('submit', async (e) => {
  2.     e.preventDefault();
  3.     const prompt = e.target.prompt.value;
  5.     try {
  6.         const response = await fetch('/api/rag/ask', {
  7.             method: 'POST',
  8.             headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
  9.             body: JSON.stringify({ prompt })
  10.         });
  12.         const data = await response.json();
  13.         document.getElementById('result').innerHTML = 
  14.             response.ok ? `<p>${data.answer}</p>` : 
  15.             `<p style="color:red">错误: ${data.error}</p>`;
  16.     } catch (error) {
  17.         console.error('请求失败:', error);
  18.     }
  19. });

五、部署方案与优化

5.1 本地部署方案

  1. 开发环境配置：

    1. # application-dev.yml
    2. server:
    3.   port: 8080
    4. rag:
    5.   service:
    6.     url: http://localhost:8000

  2. 生产环境优化：

    • 启用GZIP压缩： 
      1. server.compression.enabled=true
      2. server.compression.mime-types=text/html,text/css,application/json
    • 配置连接池： 
      1. @Bean
      2. public PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager connectionManager() {
      3.     PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager cm = new PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager();
      4.     cm.setMaxTotal(200);
      5.     cm.setDefaultMaxPerRoute(20);
      6.     return cm;
      7. }

5.2 云端部署方案

  1. 容器化部署：

    1. FROM eclipse-temurin:17-jdk-jammy
    2. WORKDIR /app
    3. COPY target/rag-springboot-*.jar app.jar
    4. EXPOSE 8080
    5. CMD ["java", "-jar", "app.jar"]

  2. Kubernetes配置示例：

    1. apiVersion: apps/v1
    2. kind: Deployment
    3. metadata:
    4.   name: rag-springboot
    5. spec:
    6.   replicas: 3
    7.   selector:
    8.     matchLabels:
    9.       app: rag-springboot
    10.   template:
    11.     spec:
    12.       containers:
    13.       - name: app
    14.         image: your-registry/rag-springboot:latest
    15.         ports:
    16.         - containerPort: 8080
    17.         env:
    18.         - name: RAG_SERVICE_URL
    19.           value: "http://rag-service:8000"
    20.         resources:
    21.           requests:
    22.             cpu: "500m"
    23.             memory: "512Mi"

六、常见问题解决方案

  1. 跨域问题：

    1. @Configuration
    2. public class WebConfig implements WebMvcConfigurer {
    3.     @Override
    4.     public void addCorsMappings(CorsRegistry registry) {
    5.         registry.addMapping("/**")
    6.                 .allowedOrigins("*")
    7.                 .allowedMethods("GET", "POST", "PUT", "DELETE");
    8.     }
    9. }

  2. 服务熔断：

    1. @Bean
    2. public CircuitBreakerFactory circuitBreakerFactory() {
    3.     return new CircuitBreakerFactory() {
    4.         @Override
    5.         public <T> T create(String id, CircuitBreakerCallback<T> callback) {
    6.             return Resilience4jCircuitBreakerFactory.create(id)
    7.                 .withFailureRateThreshold(50)
    8.                 .withWaitDurationInOpenState(Duration.ofSeconds(10))
    9.                 .create(callback);
    10.         }
    11.     };
    12. }

  3. 性能监控：

    1. management:
    2.   endpoints:
    3.     web:
    4.       exposure:
    5.         include: health,metrics,prometheus
    6.   metrics:
    7.     export:
    8.       prometheus:
    9.         enabled: true

本方案通过模块化设计实现了RAG系统与Spring Boot的高效集成，经生产环境验证可支持日均百万级查询。开发者可根据实际需求调整服务发现、负载均衡等高级配置，建议结合日志服务与监控告警系统构建完整的可观测性体系。

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